Cinnamaldehyde (CA) was successfully encapsulated in -cyclodextrin (-CD), and polylactic acid (PLA)-based composite fibers were prepared by incorporating CA/-CD via electrospinning. Morphological, structural, spectral, and antibacterial properties of different weight ratios of PLA:-CD/CA (88:12, 94:6, 97:3, and 98.5:1.5) and PLA/CA/-CD fibers were investigated. PLA and CA/-CD were incorporated by mixing of CA/-CD inclusions to enhance the viscosity of the mixed solution. The mechanical properties and hydrophilicity of nanofibers were improved following the addition of CA/-CD. Moreover, CA/-CD improved the antibacterial activities of the mixture against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. PLA/CA/-CD-3 exhibited excellent antibacterial effects and low cytotoxicity. Thus, our study showed that PLA/CA/-CD fibers may have applications as wound dressing materials and for use in other biomedical applications.