Nanotechnology has wide applications in many fields, especially in the biological sciences and medicine. Nanomaterials are applied as potential materials for treatment and diagnosis. The development of nanofibers has greatly enhanced the scope for fabricating designs that can potentially be used in medical sciences. The application of polymeric nanofibers in biomaterials sciences and tissue engineering review in fields of skin and eye, neural and cardiovascular tissues, and urological tissues. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.