In this paper, the preparation and properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) composite nanofiber mask material were studied. Firstly, PVA spinning solution was prepared, and PVA nanofibers with different mass fractions (5 wt%, 7 wt%, 8 wt%, 9 wt% and 11 wt%) were prepared by electrospinning technology. The morphology of PVA nanofibers was observed under electron microscope, and the results showed that 8 wt% PVA nanofibers had the best morphology. AgNPs with different mass fractions (0.02 wt%, 0.03 wt%, 0.04 wt%, 0.05 wt% and 0.06 wt%) were dispersed in pure water and blended with 8 wt% PVA solution to prepare PVA/AgNPs composite nanofibers by electrospinning. The effects of different mass fractions of AgNPs on the morphology of PVA/AgNPs composite nanofibers were analyzed. Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to test the PVA/AgNPs composite nanofibers. PVA/AgNPs composite nanofiber mask fabric was prepared by using activated carbon nonwoven fabric as substrate. The filterability, air permeability and moisture permeability of PVA/AgNPs composite nanofiber mask material were tested and analyzed. The result showed that PVA/AgNPs composite nanofiber mask material has good filtration, moisture permeability and air permeability, and has broad application prospects.